The purpose of this study is to investigate comparative advantages of corn in comparison with other competitor crops. To do so, Linear Programming, to 2004-2005 data related to classic index (DRC) in Kermanshah province was applied.Results showed that corn has comparative advantages in all regions of Kermanshah province while in OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN of 37.5 percentages of regions in existence of rotation and 50 percentages of regions in lack of rotation, corn acreage has been increased. In addition, comparing OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN resulted from linear programming models with crops ranking based on comparative advantage indices indicated that, resources availability and limitations, tradable and non-tradable inputs costs and yield will lead to shift in production’s comparative advantage from one crop to another. Factors such as supporting policies and rotation might also have effects on comparative advantages and OPTIMAL cultivating PATTERN.

Comparative advantage of corn in comparison with other competing crops was Investigated applying Linear Programming, to 2004-2005data related to classic index (DRC) in Khuzestan. Results showed that corn benefits from a comparative advantage in all cities of Khuzestan province with acreage having been increased in the CULTIVATION PATTERN of 37.5 % of the cities. In addition, comparing OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN as resulted from linear programming models with crop ratings, based on comparative advantage indices indicated that restrictions, availability of resources, variable cost of tradable and non-tradable inputs as well as yield will lead to comparative advantage in production shift from one crop to another. Such factors such as supporting policies, rotation, resource constraint and exchange rate might also have their own effects on comparative advantage combination and on optimum cultivating quantity.

The footprint of water in a product is defined as the used water to produce it. Present study is conducted with the aim of calculating the footprint of water in farm and gardening products in 24 plains of Kermanshah province in the 2015-2016 cultivative year. The function and parameters impressing the calculations were collected using the statistics provided by agricultural organization of Jihad. The aquatic need of plants was extracted by CropWat software and the footprint of products was calculated. Results showed that among the agricultural studied products, of his plain, watermelon, forage corn and Sugar beet were identified as the appropriate products according to average index of water footprint and on the other side, sesame, beans and sunflower were identified as the the most inappropriate products according to the index. In the gardening sector, almond and cherry-sour cherry were identified as the most inappropriate and appropriate products according to the above index, respectively. Among all the plains of Kermanshah, kermansh allocated the most portion of water index footprint in the gardening sector. The footprint of blue water is nearly more than green in studied products; representing the dependence of products to surface and ground water resources. Hence, according to recent droughs and water shortage, water resources must be used accurately and decision must be made for cultivating the products with less water requirement and better performance Also, the index of water footprint in products can be reduced considerably by measures such as deficit irrigation, mulching and by the use of modern irrigation systems.

This study aimed at determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN of medicinal plant species using hybrid model of AHP-TOPSIS (Analytic Hierarchy Process-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) in Qom province. First, among the various, diverse and priority criteria for determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN of medicinal plants, according to the ecological and economic conditions of the study area and with a survey of a number of experts familiar with medicinal plants, screening of criteria and options that were more important and effective in this regard, was done. Finally, six criteria including heat stress threshold, cold stress threshold, soil texture, water EC, water needs, and economic issues and 10 options including Thymus vulgaris, Matricaria chamomilla, Berberis vulgaris, Crocus sativus, Cuminum cyminum, Cichorium intybus, Sesamum indicum, Echium amoenum, Rosa damascena, and Mentha spicata were selected. At first, the weight of each criterion was determined by the paired comparisons with an incompatibility rate of 0. 02 using the AHP model and Expert Choice software. Then the TOPSIS technique was used. The results showed that among the criteria for determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN of medicinal plants in Qom province, the highest and lowest weight belonged to the economic issues (cost-benefit) and the soil texture criteria, respectively. Also, C. sativus was the best among the options, and R. damascena, C. cyminum, and E. amoenum were placed in the next ranks. This study showed that the hybrid model of AHP-TOPSIS can be used to evaluate and prioritize the options for determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN of medicinal plants and use the strengths of both models and cover their weaknesses.

Due to extensive agricultural activities and the need for significant irrigation, water consumption in the agricultural sector has increased. Therefore, providing solutions to reduce water consumption is an important issue. For this purpose, the optimization model was calculated and presented separately using the multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with two functions of net profit and agricultural water consumption in the Shahriar plan (Tehran, Iran). Also, the OPTIMAL values of net profit, CULTIVATION PATTERN, irrigation uses and gross irrigation requirement were estimated in the optimization model. The results showed that the highest net profit, CULTIVATION area and the volume of OPTIMAL water demand are related to Islamshahr area, then Shahriyar area and finally Robat Karim have the most desired values. Shahriar area has the highest OPTIMAL water consumption in the agricultural sector, then Islamshahr and finally Robat Karim has the lowest OPTIMAL amount of agricultural water consumption. The highest ratio of net profit to cultivated area in the OPTIMAL condition was related to Robat Karim area, then Shahriyar area and finally Islamshahr area. Also, according to the CULTIVATION area and the OPTIMAL water consumption of grape, pomegranate, onion, vegetables in each area, their net profit is appropriate and ideal. And grape is the best possible crop among them. The policy of OPTIMAL utilization of water resources has led to a reduction in the area under CULTIVATION, the volume of OPTIMAL water consumption and the volume of water needs in the whole area compared to the current situation by 20. 44, 49. 71 and 20. 35 percent.

Intruduction: the purpose of this research is to determine the OPTIMAL PATTERN of agricultural crops CULTIVATION in Abhar plain in order to achieve to sustainability in the agricultural sector using linear and ideal planning models in terms of environmental, social and economic constraints. Materials and Methods: The limitations were determined through questionnaires and interviews with farmers and relevant officials, and the OPTIMAL PATTERN of CULTIVATION was investigated according to these limitations using two methods of linear and ideal planning. For this purpose, statistics and information related to 7 products that have the largest share in the agricultural production of Abhar Plain in the crop year 1401-1400 are used..Results and discussion: The results showed that in the OPTIMAL models proposed by the linear and ideal planning models, the cultivated area has been greatly reduced In the PATTERN of OPTIMAL CULTIVATION, crops whose CULTIVATION does not have much planned efficiency, such as grapes and lentils, are either completely eliminated, or due to the fact that they are considered strategic crops, such as wheat and barley, their production is reduced and the CULTIVATION of products such as walnuts, which have a high planned efficiency, is reduced. attention is increased. Finally, it can be said that the CULTIVATION of crops has become more specialized and the variety of crops has decreased.Suggestion: the policy maker should apply incentive policies in order to implement the program in addition to informing the users. Of course, the purpose of the study is not to destroy the vineyards and fields and turn them into walnut gardens, but considering the destruction of many of these gardens as a result of the lack of attention of the operators due to their lack of profitability and also the presence of uncultivated land in In the study area, in the coming years, this PATTERN will gradually replace the current CULTIVATION PATTERN.

Optimization of agricultural water consumption is very important due to the limitation of water resources and its value in agriculture. Simulation models are a valuable tool for improving management of water consumption in the field because of the quantitative impacts of water on crop performance. In the present study, a model was developed in the MATLAB programming environment 2017 and linked to the ant colony optimization algorithm and the AquaCrop plant growth model. Three different modes of available water volume were considered: A-supplying 100% medium long-term volume of water resources b-supplying 70% medium long-term volume of water resources c-supplying 60% medium long-term volume of water resources. Three different scenarios of depth and irrigation water interval were defined: 1-Depth and similar irrigation interval for autumn and spring crops 2-Depth of different irrigation water and similar interval for autumn and spring crops 3-Depth and different irrigation interval for autumn and spring crops. Scenarios 1, 2 and 3 were implemented for each of the modes A, B and C. For case A, the best schedule of irrigation interval of 8 days and irrigation water depth 25 and 40 mm were obtained for autumn and spring crops, respectively. For case B, irrigation interval of 10 days and irrigation water depths of 24 and 48 mm were obtained for autumn and spring crops. And for case C, the best irrigation schedule was 8 days and depths of 16 and 40 mm for autumn and spring crops were determined. The OPTIMAL planting PATTERN was determined for different scenarios. Maximum area under planting in case of 100% water supply is 23029 hectares and by reducing 40% and 30% water volume, the area under planting will be reduced to 18512 and 17188 hectares, respectively.

One of the agriculture goals is decreasing poverty especially in developing countries. Using OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN in addition to appropriate and logical utilization of production resources, it directs us towards increasing income. In this study, at first, FGT poverty index was measured for families of Orzoo’iyeh district in Baft. Then, OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN in this region was determined using mathematical programming method. At the end, income variations and poverty index variations rate were calculated considering the obtained results and also the acceptance possibility of this PATTERN by farmers. The required data were collected using random sampling method from some villages and agricultural regions located in Orzoo’iyeh district of Baft city for farming year of 2007-08 by means of questionnaire among 64 farmers. The results delineates that utilizing OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN is effective on poverty decreasing. That is %12.5 of villagers will be put on the poverty line by using the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN.

Background and Objective: Improving the production system in the agricultural sector requires defining and implementing a model for crop CULTIVATION, based on the country's macro policies, market structure, farmers' knowledge and regional and climatic potentials to protect the environment, reduce water consumption and achieve The economic benefits are sustainable. The purpose of this study is to apply the gray fuzzy planning model with an environmental approach and reduce water consumption in determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION PATTERN in Jiroft. Material and Methodology: The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose, causal in terms of study method, and in terms of research method and nature and method of approach to inference. Gray planning is one of the methods of analyzing gray systems for decision making under uncertainty. Findings: The results showed that the area under potato CULTIVATION between 5292 and 5328. 7 hectares in the region can change. The area under onion CULTIVATION can be changed between 1547 and 2349. 9. The area under tomato CULTIVATION between 530. 6 and 985. 4 hectares in the region can change. The area under watermelon CULTIVATION can be changed between 129. 5 and 240. 5. The area under corn CULTIVATION between 840 and 1560 hectares in the region can change. The area under alfalfa CULTIVATION can be changed between 1204. 7 and 22237. 3. According to the mentioned restrictions and with the aim of maximum profit, the farmers of the region can cultivate 4910. 1 hectares of wheat, 1644. 5 hectares of barley and 2063. 6 hectares of cucumbers. Discussion and Conclusion: Since the development of infrastructure services has a great impact on reducing resource constraints, paying attention to this issue regarding the OPTIMAL use of resources to increase the profitability of regional activities can be effective.

Nowadays, production of economic production is one of the most important of policymaker’, s attentions. Address to this. It is necessary to merge the farmer’, s aims along policy makers as well as their necessities. Therefore, the current study attempted to investigate on optimum cropping PATTERN of agricultural crops in Kurdistan province respect to each county emphasizing on minimize virtual water. To follow research aim the necessary data were collected for the agricultural year 2019-20 using goal programming. The results showed that, the current cropping PATTERN does not has no comparative advantage and it has to experience significant change. In other words, the current cropping PATTERN willing must to change from mixed form to specialized one according to comparative advantage according to resource possibilities of each district. The range of change showed that, there are significant decrease and increase in some crops compare to current situation. The results showed that, irrigated wheat did not get permission to enter optimum model. In addition, the most of current crop due to low return as well as disadvantage of study area omitted in recommended PATTERN.